In a combination refrigerator, the freezer is where the cold is made. The evaporator sits behind its rear panel, and the evaporator fan distributes air to both compartments. That arrangement means a freezer problem often shows up in the fresh-food section first: a defrost fault lets frost grow across the coil, airflow to the fridge side drops, and only later does the freezer itself begin to soften. Bottom-freezer and French-door models add drawer slides, drawer gaskets and sometimes a separate ice compartment. Side-by-side freezers are narrow and deep, so an overloaded door shelf or a bag pushed against the rear vent can block circulation.
Chest freezers are mechanically simple. Most manual-defrost models use a compressor, a condenser run inside the cabinet walls, and an evaporator wrapped around the inner liner, with a mechanical thermostat and no fans. Warm outer walls are normal; that is the condenser shedding heat. Because there are so few parts, a failure usually comes from a short list: a thermostat that no longer closes, a start relay or overload that stops the compressor from starting, a worn lid gasket, or a refrigerant leak in the wall or liner tubing. Leaks in foamed-in tubing are hard to reach, which is the main reason chest freezer repairs sometimes end in replacement.
Upright freezers come in two versions. Manual-defrost uprights have refrigerant tubing running through the shelves, which cool the food by direct contact; they build frost and need to be defrosted by hand now and then. Frost-free uprights work like the freezer of a refrigerator, with a hidden evaporator, a fan and an automatic defrost heater, and they fail in the same ways: seized fans, open heaters, failed defrost sensors and frozen drains. Uprights also depend on the door gasket more than chest models do, because cold air spills out of an open upright door. A sagging door or a torn gasket corner leads to heavy frost near the top shelf.
Location is part of the diagnosis. Many freezers are built to run in a conditioned room, and a refrigerator-freezer combination with its thermostat on the fresh-food side can struggle at both ends of the temperature range. In a hot garage the compressor may run almost continuously and still lose ground. In a cold garage the fresh-food thermostat is satisfied, so it rarely calls for cooling, and the freezer section drifts upward. Standalone freezers sold as garage-ready are designed for a wider range. Newer models add electronic controls, temperature alarms and power-on indicators, which help with diagnosis but bring boards and sensors that can fail.